In the current work, six novel β-pinene quaternary ammonium ( β-PQA) salts were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities. Β-pinene is a monoterpene isolated from turpentine oil and numerous other plants’ essential oils, which has a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review article will provide extensive information to cautiously utilize smart nanoparticles for basic biomedical applications and therapeutic genome editing. Here, we review the recent advances in stimulus-based smart nanoparticles to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. These methodologies can leverage genome editing through biological signals found within disease cells with less off-target effects. Recently, smart nanoparticles have been synthesized for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to cells based on endogenous (pH, enzyme, redox specie, ATP) and exogenous (magnetic, ultrasound, temperature, light) stimulus signals. The extracellular and intracellular environments of cells and tissues differ in pH, redox species, enzyme activity, and light sensitivity. ![]() These methods still suffer difficulties such as immune response, lack of specificity, and efficiency. Various types of viral and non-viral vectors are designed to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. Despite these advances, the barriers of CRISPR-Cas9 techniques in clinical applications include efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and risk of off-target effects. This technique has started the new era of “genome surgery”. The innovative research in genome editing domains such as CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled genetic engineers to manipulate the genomes of living organisms effectively in order to develop the next generation of therapeutic tools. In addition, the extent of formation of CASIN increases with increasing Al from Al = 0.2 to Al = 1.2 and begins to decrease as Al is further increased to 1.5, and thus the peak emission wavelength increases from 647 nm to 658 nm as the Al molar ratio is increased from 0.2 to 1.2 and begins to decrease when further increasing the Al molar ratio to 1.5, which resulted from the large amount of AlN formed. Then, the emission intensity decreases as the Al content is increased from Al = 0.8 to Al = 1.5, which resulted from the transformation of morphology of CASIN and a large amount formation of AlN. The emission intensity increases as the Al content increased from Al = 0.2 to Al = 0.8, which resulted from the extent of formation of CASIN increases. XRD (X-ray diffraction), combined with PL (photoluminescence), TEM-EDS (transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope), and SAED (selected area electron diffraction) measurements, show that the bar-like CASIN gives a stronger emission than the plate-like and agglomerated fine particles. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.Įffects of Al content on the formation and the photoluminescence properties of CaAlSiN 3:Eu 2+ phosphor (CASIN) were investigated by a combustion synthesis method. PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms.You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues. ![]() Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list. ![]() By analyzing the facts associated with failure, important lessons are to be learned: the type of stem cells used, the route of administration, the selection of patients eligible for these treatments, additional therapies that support stem cell transplantation and their mode of action, and methods for avoiding the host’s immune response. The studies referred to in the review aim to treat optic nerve atrophy, while cell therapies targeting other sites in the eye, such as the trabecular meshwork, have not been addressed. This review focuses on the clinical translation of preclinical studies, especially those that have used stem cells in the treatment of glaucoma, with an emphasis on optic nerve regeneration.
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